Thursday, April 1, 2010

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Zapata, Part II. Quest photographer

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In general truth ...

The iconographic representation of Emiliano Zapata, with attributes General, is well known for a large segment of the population, reproduced countless times.

But actually that's what it represents?

The idea apparently indicates that, General Zapata.

5x7 Photo unknown.

Zapatista movement during the historical period known as the Mexican Revolution, never had a regular military structure, it was guerrilla groups of various kinds, who congregated or dispersed according to their needs and capabilities. There was no rank structure, and clustering as well constituted an army. The degrees were awarded in an arbitrary manner, more in terms of local leadership, and not an organizational structure.

Emiliano Zapata was not the only general, it was: Otilio Montaño, Gildardo Magaña, Crispin Galeana, de la O, S. Fernández, Felipe Neri, Manuel Palafox, Sabino Burgos, Eusebio Jauregui, Francisco V. Pacheco, Everardo González, Zeferino Heliodorus and Castillo, among others. Many times these generals commanded a hundred men only, so that their degree was more rhetorical than real representation of a military force, but also came to form units with a few thousand men.

Emiliano Zapata presents himself as "General in Chief."

military logos are for a symbolic convention, with a correct understanding within the military world, and part of the personal pride of who the carrier. While we recognize the symbol "$", representative of "weights" (monetary unit, money), the military insignia has the same function, to publicize a specific message, the basic difference is that "$" is a symbol common to all strata of society, while the military badges can only be read by some.

tell us it's about Emiliano Zapata, dressed as a general, Emiliano recognize it, his face is familiar, but as we know it is usually beyond that named him as well ...

From large military groups involved in the race, federal troops Villistas Constitutionalist and Zapatista, only the latter did not even, not a badge system itself.

To read the image from a convention we preset, "banda in general."

first point, the colors set for the rank of General in Mexico between 1900 and 1914, are two: green for Brigadier General, Major General blue, red for officers.

Emiliano Zapata's band, shows two colors in five strips ...

Going back further in time from Mexico's independence in 1821, using the same convention, a single color for the band or girdle.

seemingly simplest thing would be to look within the guidelines and military regulations, when and how they apply the general distinctive. But take the way of interpreting images.

Among the many photographs of soldiers in dress uniforms, media campaign gala and 1910, the centennial anniversary of Independence, we realized two things, the general use only belt, the presidential staff to use band honor, white, and sash by rank.

In general photographs of Diaz in his youth, just use belt ...

In representations of the war of 1836 (Texas), we see the military Mexican band, General Santa Ana dress white uniform dark blue jacket and blue sash, turquoise, Brigadier General Urrea, white pants, dark blue coat with red overalls and green sash. We could go with pictorial representations of Agustín de Iturbide, Guadalupe Victoria, Vicente Guerrero, etc., Which bear blue or green belt as appropriate.

So when using the band as a sign of general in Mexico?

Sunday August 6, 1911, was the ceremony of the swearing of allegiance by the 32 / or Battalion, with a magnificent representation, using the Paseo de la Reforma from the statue of Charles IV to the column of Independence among present interim president Francisco León de la Barra, Mr. Dr. Francisco Vázquez Gómez, Francisco I. Madero, the cream of the characters in the political and military hierarchy. Including three major generals than their fair share as a distinctive blue color, nine brigadier generals, green, 16 Brigadier, red. The justices, judges, advocates and senior Army assimilated with civil suits, wore green and crimson bands.



The maximum number of general statutes division was five, according to public law, the supreme head of the army belonged President of the republic, and this made the rank of General of the Army, with Porfirio Díaz Mori major general, a place that had not been replaced. Of the three divisional present, the entire body, only Bernardo Reyes wears the blue sash of major general.


Curt Teich Postcard Curt Teich Postcard Archives, Lake County Discovery Museum.

In 1913 "Curt Teich Company of Chicago, the largest postcard printer in North America, brings to market the card serial number R33847, the photo image is registered in the United States by Fred Miller. The postcard was published in color, which meant the lighting of some of its parts, the original photo is black and white for the band will choose two colors: blue and green ...

Clearly, Emiliano Zapata's band does not carry general, but how to get the mistake and what is the real representation.

The Enlightenment of "Curt Teich," correctly identifies the color to be the general premise, but is faced with the problem of the five strips in two different colors.

Posada
When the recorder is working on image based on the photograph, has the same problem, your solution, cut 5 strips three. This leads to another interpretation, Posada is incomprehensible to the band with 5 ribbons, does not decode it, and looking for a model according to their intellectual baggage, or there is intent ...

The band with three strips have been interpreted as a green white and red, including the painter Diego Rivera recorded based on Posada, reconstructs the band to 5 strips, the central green, the next two ends to the exterior white and red . Both options in a more or less clear or implied, Posada, and Rivera induced propose a banda "Presidential" or patriotic colors.

In the case of Posada, we have to refer to his political inclination, the leaflets where see your text clearly contain anti-zapatista taxed. And it could be a subliminal message, where the tri band bridges the gap between Zapatistas and wood, equal in their negative, as destroyers of the "regime." The tri band, whether in ribbons, bows, scalpel, etc., Is the flagship Madero. Yes

photography was done in 1911, it might be logical tricolor logo as a symbol of the union of Emiliano Zapata and Francisco I. Madero. Even Francisco I. Madero and his wife agree to be groomsmen D. Manuel Emiliano Zapata ... Asúnsolo alleged owner of the band was wood, although some have wanted general view of the Zapatistas. Adam Newman in his book "Zapata back" calls it "decidedly anti-Zapatista individual," and José Manuel López Victoria, in "History of the Revolution in Guerrero," calls it "a personal friend of the Madero family." Dolores Manuel

Asúnsolo, was a mining entrepreneur, up in arms with 30 pawns in Chichihualco, and his short military career would develop in the state of Guerrero, the military and political intervention in Morelos, would cause conflict between Madero and Zapata , especially the powers that is taken to appoint interim governor in Morelos.

This could lead much to talk among historians, and yet no other way.

can source the band has been interpreted as general, despite its 5 ribbons, because their colors were blue and white. It would not be the orthodox form, but allow your understanding.

Asúnsolo Where did the band?

Asúnsolo The first ancestor was in territory of New Spain: Juan Manuel de Asúnsolo and Mayor, who arrived shortly before the Independence of Mexico, for his military talents drew him Agustín de Iturbide to his entourage, participating in the campaign of the Bajio. A few years after the return of the infamous Emperor Iturbide exile 1824, Juan Manuel Asúnsolo precisely identifies who after his arrival in Tamaulipas, days later, the former Emperor would be shot. Juan Manuel Asúnsolo

had obtained the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, the independence movement led by Agustín de Iturbide, while seeking autonomy from Spain was the Bourbon court, and claimed that a prince of the house occupied the throne in Mexico. The livery was the band Bourbon Blue and white bicolor, which can be blue-white-blue or blue-white-blue-white-blue, the central blue stripe wider than the other ...

is virtually impossible based on an black and white image, determine if the gray scale corresponds to blue, red or green, so we can only assume, be more likely, blue and white.

The Zapatista movement takes as an emblem of the Virgin of Guadalupe , whose colors are blue and white ... Asúnsolo The reasons for using the band may be different from those of Emiliano Zapata. The real world is not black and white, the colors have their major part.

Ignacio Allende, a painting by Ramon Perez, 1865, oil on canvas, National Palace, Mexico. Symbolic conception of this painting has similarities with that of the Zapatistas suggestive ... general Green Belt, Guadalupe standard and band Bourbon.

Asúnsolo Zapata relationship is elemental to the time of image creation, for the simple reason of the possession of the band, but also must consider the emotional political relationship between the two characters, the break between Asúnsolo and Zapata, Zapata, Madero precedes the break, the cooling of their relationship almost immediately, leaving us as a possible date for the creation of historic photography, tour of Francisco I. Madero to the states of Morelos and Guerrero in 1911.


iconographic Zapata's influence, applied to other characters, in this case Pancho Villa. Leftmost photograph signed by DW Hoffman, probably the original central retouched the same image recorded by Bain News Service, far right post anonymously, which tweaked the holsters to give Pancho Villa in a band under the model used by Zapata and focused on the label: "general."

Think what would happen in the mind of the proud military meeting at the Paseo de la Reforma in the morning of August 6, 1911, where through the symbolism of the uniforms he recognized the primacy of General Bernardo Reyes, single ported the divisional blue band, it had before them the pictures and signed by Wray Miller ...

of Wray From surely laugh.
of
From Miller ...

On 8 August, two days after initiating a scorched earth campaign against the Zapatistas.


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