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The early years of the life of Hugo Brehme are mostly unknown, little information has reached our days and among the best sources are the books:
Hugo Brehme - Fotograf. Mexiko zwischen Revolution und Romantik / Mexico between revolution and romanticism.
Hugo Brehme and the Mexican Revolution / mexikanisch und die Revolution.
En ambos caso se toma en cuenta los ensayos biográficos de Dennis Brehme único nieto del fotógrafo alemán. Reuniendo la información de los dos textos más algunas aportaciones, la historia comienza así:
El 3 de diciembre de 1882 nace Ernst Hugo Brehme en Eisenach, Turingia (Alemania), siendo bautizado el 27 de diciembre en la Parroquia Evangélica Luterana de esa ciudad. Primer hijo del zapatero Theodor Albert Brehme y de Anna Elise Brehme, - apellido de soltera Wick-, con domicilio en Fleischgasse (callejón de la carne), mismo callejón donde naciera Juan Sebastian Bach. Aunque la tradición oral dentro de la familia Brehme no le permitió a Dennis Brehme conocer ni los nombres ni ocupación of his grandparents because his grandfather never spoke of them, recorded that the father of Hugo Brehme and was invalid when it was born. His childhood was apparently not very agreeable and preferred to forget.
Hence we jump to his studies in photography, made in the capital city of Erfurt in Thuringia, were imposed in the school of arts and crafts (Handwerker-und Kuntsgewerbe-Schule), founded in 1898, so one of the first generations of graduates. Then follow his or her mysterious trip to Africa, which is to give credibility to the following chronological data base, his arrival in Mexico, for it dates have been oscillating between 1905 and 1907. Now we have the certainty documentary Hugo Brehme arrived in Mexico in late August or early September 1906.
The August 14, 1906 in the port of Hamburg addresses the recently opened German steamship Fuerst Bismarck of the Hamburg-Amerika Linie, whose first trip was in August 1905, the ship made stops in Dover, England Havre, France, Santander and La Coruña in Spain, Cuba and finally in Veracruz, Mexico; The shipping company had a reputation of being the fastest transatlantic and timely shipments. Hugo Brehme traveled in steerage with the Engineer Karl Menge, in the passenger list there are plenty of merchants including Sommer brothers, Fritz and Heinrich, a cook, a baker, three kindergaden teachers, etc., Is notoriously a group of illustrious personages: Professor Wilhelm Freudenberg, University of Heidelberg, a geologist who dedicated several studies to Mexico Ingustinus Engineer Lindberg, Professor Fritz French, Professor Sigmund Gunter, mathematician and geographer, Professor Emil Ritter von Dunikowski Habdank the University of Lemberg, a geologist and mineralogist, Dr. Hans Wittich, a geologist member of the National Geological Institute of Mexico, Dr. Fritz von Marilaun Kerner, geologist and paleobotany, the Professor Hjalmar Sjögren, Dr. Carl Renz, Professor Gregori Stefanesen, Dr. Adolf Theilhaber; Professor Theodor Tschernyschew, President of the International Polar Com., Dr. Ernest Ludwig geology Wittich, the artist and mountaineer Wedermeyer Hans Ludwig Wolff.
Postcard produced by Latapi & Bert, SS Fürst Bismarck in 1914 was renamed the SS Friedrichsruh.
can think of a circumstantial, and that the German delegation attending the tenth session of the International Geological Congress, based in Mexico City, to be held from 6 to September 14, 1906, not related to Hugo Brehme ...
Assistance the Tenth Session of the International Geological Congress, Mexico 1906. (José Guadalupe Aguilera Serrano, 1857-1941: Biographical data and bibliography ...)
However, Congress included activities outside the sessions held in school facilities, including 31 papers relating to various regions of the country, hiking carried out during September and October 1906 for the same after the first half of September, geologists continued to arrive and Hans Albert Hentschel. In subsequent work of the National Geological Survey photo albums were made excursions. For hiking expeditions we understand work and no Sunday drive.
The relationship Hugo Brehme and geological congress would be part of a pattern of conduct, Brehme collaborate for many years in cutting scientific publications, especially dedicated to geology, such as the journals: Geographische Zeitschrift and Zeitschrift für Vulkanologie; or Forschungen über das klima diluvial in Mexiko. Have dealings with members of the National Geological Survey in different moments of his life, his first picture accredited appears in National Geographic in 1917, this gives credibility to the scientific expeditions in Africa, but know nothing when where and when they occurred, and gives us accurate reason on why they brought to Mexico Brehme. Some of the places visited by members of Congress are common topics for photographic work Brehme, the volcano of Colima, Tehuacan, Zapotitlán, San Juan Raya, Michoacan, Monterrey, Saltillo, Cacahuamilpa caves, etc. Given that Mexico would Brehme commissioned a specific job, explain that once completed return to his homeland, Germany. Recurrent treatment with the scientific community Brehme educate the eye to acquire ethnographic collection in his photographic work.
would on the assumption that Brehme came with the German Commission, an explanation Lean to the photographic records in places like Monterrey in relation to others as Taxco prolific, he does not return to those sites at your own photographs for the year 1906. In the span of the first visit and his final return to Mexico, there is speculation about a new journey to Africa, 15 August 1908 embarked with his beloved Augusta Caroline Hartmann, the marriage took place on 10th of the month, in This time will be in second class on board the SS Kronprinzessin Cecilie, and gives an address before the city of Frankfurt, from September 1908 home is Mexico, this time nothing was found relevant in the passenger list.
The reasons that bring back Brehme appear to be different from your first visit, the same year of 1908 participated in an expedition to Popocatepetl, the first of three: 1908, 1910, 1915 ( geographical magazine of the Institute of Geography and History, 1943), the climbing season is from October to March, the Glacier Ventorrillo visited him in 1910 (The Journal of glaciology, 1952), the Pico de Orizaba in 1912 and 1915 (Smithsonian miscellaneous collections; Sierra Club bulletin, 1915), also makes promotions to Nevado de Toluca, the Ajusco, Nevado de Colima, etc., and is likely to go with the Geological Survey Commission National study that explored the northern part of the peninsula of California in 1913. The ascent to the peak of Orizaba, 1915 in the company of Hiram W. Hixon (employee Tezuitlan Copper Company, Puebla) and Carl Jacobsen, among others, in 1909 amounted to the peak of Orizaba with geologist Dr. Paul Waitz National Geological Institute, Matteson, the Austrian Franz Hiti, the Swiss geologist Walther Staub, etc. , Dr. Waitz runs several excursions in 1906 and again in October 1920 in the company of Dr. Waitz visit Popocatepetl erupts, the same sources that provide information merely reaffirm the relationship Brehme, geology, and watch as some of expeditions Brehme adheres to them and not their own initiatives, and would not be surprising that the consignments which are involved in geological Africa, between 1901 and 1904 the Germans Fritz Carl Uhlig and Jaeger made expeditions including the conquest of Mount Meru. A seam that is promising to investigate the records and the National Geological Institute Gazette seeking Hugo Brehme.
Pic. P. Waitz, La Sierra Negra, December 1910. Gazette National Geological Institute.
Of particular interest is the working relationship between teacher Paul Waitz, a chemist and geologist and founding member of the Geological Survey National Brehme, as we have seen on several occasions the German photographer joins the expeditions led by Waitz, and the latter in counterpart thanks to several scientific collaborations Brehme photo. But in 1922 H. Brehme illustrates the "Revised guide and handbook for travelers to Mexico city and vicinity" published by American Book & Printing Company, in its introductory page reads: "All photographs in this volume by Hugo Brehme, Cinco de Mayo Ave 27, Mexico City ", on page 104 also presents an overview of the eruption of Popocatepetl, 1920, at the bottom left following the sign reads:" Rash Popocatepetl. HB. Prop. Reg, "which would not take nothing strange against the background that all images are owned by Hugo Brehme, the same picture appears in books published by Brehme in 1923 (Picturesque Mexico) and 1925 (Mexiko), the relevant is that by late 1920, Hugo Brehme produces the same image on postcards with another tagline, "758 The Popocatepetl eruption (photo: From Dr. P. Waitz, Oct. 1920)" ...
The incident seems to indicate that the friendly relationship Waitz Brehme-end in a dispute over copyright of a photograph, we found that effectively Dr. Waitz was also a photographer and a similar style to Brehme, the obvious question is why Brehme at first defended the image as itself and finally gives in to Waitz. The case is unusual in three ways, first how Brehme signature, using the initials HB attached, second photograph is signed in a period when Brehme not usually sign their work, and finally is the only case where the German public recognition that photography is not his, despite being included in the stellar material.
Hugo Brehme, Guide and handbook for travelers ... 1922.
Hugo Brehme, Mexiko 1925.
alluded
The guide includes Brehme business segments where the only photographer who advertises, and American Photo Supply as a supplier of photographic materials; tactic used on other occasions Brehme, provides the images in exchange for a monopoly advertising (Terry's guide to Mexico, 1927), and when the editor states that "all images are of Hugo Brehme" what we understand as an "all" absolute or relative ... Reading literally, "all are all" then not only the doctor had reason to protest Waitz, p. 179 shows two views of the Hotel Geneve and its associated advertising, photographs are a tiny sign with letters ½ inch in height that reads: "Hotel de Geneve, Mexico, Kahlo 1910, on pages 180 and 181 new images are Brehme's definitely not one likely to be of Osuna.
The devil's advocate might argue that "all" means only images of text, not the business pages, well on page 48 illustrates the monument to Cuauhtemoc, the Photography is marked "Cox ENG", it is Percy S. Cox, photographer and writer active in Mexico in the early twentieth century, producer of postcards, guidebooks and illustrator employee of Photo-engraving Department in the Mexican Herald, corners of San Diego 9, facilities that were destroyed during the Decena tragic February 1913.
Like many research to solve a mystery is made new, we already have reliable data on the dates of arrival to Mexico Brehme, and a hypothesis based on their motives, which explain how to finance some of their trips interior of the Mexican Republic and why these places stay in 1906 was brief, your travels began in 1906 and automatically returns in 1908 and not as has been claimed from 1915. His services to the scientific community of the National Geological Institute allowed him time for other activities, in collaboration with the photographer Brickmann in "German Photography", or the photographer Meldrert Waldemar I found no data to confirm or data identity of those photographers, Hugo Brehme started working with a "presence in the streets of San Juan de Letran No. 3 to 1912 according to the information available.
Another activity which occupies Brehme and has not been considered with due importance is the tourism, accompanied the group on excursions during the last years of foreign tourists porfiriato crests to the level of instruction to the police and postal workers with English lessons, visits to Teotihuacan, Amecameca, Xochimilco, Cuernavaca, Desert Lions, etc., become the most popular channels, despite the revolution will continue to do even with armed escorts.
Hugo Brehme, ca 1910 trip to Teotihuacan. (Courtesy of C. Villasana).
Hugo Brehme, excursion to Xochimilco 1910 ca. (Courtesy of C. Villasana).
Brehme's career is not as meteoric as we have tried to point out, it moves in small circles, the geological community with abundant members of Germanic language, the German community established in the country that was not abundant, and foreign tourism.
His holdings in the American magazine National Geographic are not credit itself but through an agent, Alberto L. Godoy, in 1914 he published several of his photographs, the crater of Popocatepetl, the Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacan, etc., But all the credit "photo by Alberto L. Godoy "in 1917 returns to break into the magazine where and is given credit but also reappears Godoy.
1914 National Geographic photo credited to Albert L. Godoy.
Postal produced by Hugo Brehme. 154 Popocatepetl from Ixtacihuatl, 1930 ca.
Who is Alberto L. Godoy?
Attorney and son of a Mexican diplomat to the United States with the same name, consul in Washington from 1914-M that can tell the political leanings of Brehme was Carranza-film dealer, registered in Mexico and United States various art materials, photographs, musical compositions, etc.., Published in 1939, "Mexico's international film Directory 1938-1939", was what might be called a talent agent. In using his name instead of Brehme we should not see an act of misappropriation, not just by Godoy, to date we see the agents and promoters of art are the legal owners of stage names, lyrics and libretti little-known creators have the need for these individuals to place their work, the same system used by the news and photo agencies.
Pic. P. Waitz, Pico de Orizaba in December 1910. Gazette National Geological Institute.
For the same reason do Hugo Brehme worked for members of the National Geological Institute, but not in the Institute would be very difficult to find paper trail, would in this sense the possibility that some of the photographs credited to Dr. Waitz or other Institute members are Brehme, and hence its stylistic resemblance, and that the photograph of the credit based Brehme Waitz is an act of gratitude and not the result of litigation or both, this is done at the time of maximum prestige ... In this way we could explain the apparent lack of work H. Brehme during his early years in Mexico (minus the material that is attributed to the centenary celebrations and the material classified as Revolution), apparently because much of the material later released cards correspond to those years, and accept that fought hard to Brehme stop being a marginal and little-known photographer, needed four years to work openly to the public and nine for recognition of your name.
Postal produced by Hugo Brehme. Popocatepetl erupting 758 (photo: Dr. P. Waitz Oct. 1920).
1906 - First visit to Mexico.
1908 - Final arrival to Mexico.
1912 - First data on the existence of a photo studio owned by Brehme.
1916 - First record Artistic and Literary Property (20 images of volcanoes).
1917 - First published officially accredited Brehme.
Hugo Brehme's publicist and entrepreneur, was handled in some cases was photo agency or collector, or understand how we sense the presence of other photographers in his shadow?
Additional note.
The Bulletin of the Geological Society of Mexico, commemorating the centenary volume, historical aspects of geology in Mexico, Volume LVII, no. 2, 2005. History and annotated index of the Bulletin of the Institute of Geology, UNAM, J. Arturo Gómez-Caballero, there are four lists of employees and members of the Institute; 1888 with the ratio of the geologists who originally formed the Geological Survey of Mexico, the personal relationship that formed the Geological Institute of Mexico in 1904, it the Dr. Paul Waitz appears as assistant geologist, 1918, which is no longer the name of Dr. Waitz or any German geologist, and present to the geologist's Day celebration on January 6, 1955. In the different positions listed appear cartoonists recurrence but there is no place photographer.
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