.
Within the picture of the Mexican Revolution, no doubt, "Zapata with general attributes," is one of the images that have attracted the attention of researchers for various reasons. The mystery around him is one of them.
Photo No. Inv. 63464, SINAFER-FN-INAH. End research (Z1) Consider a bit of history.
In 1998, Ariel Arnal in his article "Building symbols - political photography in Mexico: 1865-1911", speaks of two aspects, the possible time frame and physical location. It narrows the first two events, the giving of the town of Cuernavaca by General Manuel Asúnsolo, and the death of José Guadalupe Posada recorder.
Although the first event to use a bad picture listed, the reference being in fact the arrival and reception of Francis I. Madero on June 7, 1911, where there are Asúnsolo and Zapata in Cologne station.
to the physical location is tilted according to the delivery of Cuernavaca, for a location in the same town, the Montezuma Hotel, leaving aside the possibility of Xochitepec. Today we have reached the consensus for the location in the hotel Moctezuma.
The other fact, which occurred on January 20, 1913, outlines the possibilities for the creation of prints made by Posada, modeled on the picture of Zapata. Daniel Forehand found that the image was published in the newspaper "The Fair", 16 April 1913, information given to the light in his article "The Casasola photographs published in newspapers during 1913 Bogota, Alchemy magazine No. 25.
Engraving of José Guadalupe Posada, Library of Congress, United States. Imprenta de Antonio Venegas Arroyo, Mexico, 2 nd St. Teresa no. 40. 1914. In the Museum of Estanquillo, the current exhibition "Mexico through causes" includes another pamphlet which use recorded as of July 1913. Another version is published Miguel Angel Morales in his Blog. On the other hand has spent time and effort to clarify who took the famous picture.
In our last delivery "Zapata
again ... Moray, Mckay, or Miller , "Reflect on the article by Mayra Mendoza Avilés, and new news on the subject. She gives her reasons to disqualify Hugo Brehme and insert two new names on the scene, something that would have to argue from another angle.
Mayra Mendoza mentioned the possibility in the existence of two images simultaneously, taking into account the elusive look at the camera Emiliano Zapata.
In our article "
Reflex or View", just look at the photograph used by Arnal, and in it we see the same feature in the eye, and also confirm the existence of two images simultaneously. Regardless the assumption of two images simultaneously, as proposed Mayra Mendoza, two contemporary photographs of the same subject, a fact which he has spoken Miguel Angel Berumen.
Courtesy of Daniel Forehand, Annals Graphics military history of Mexico, 1810-1970 ..., by Gustavo Casasola, 1973. for research purposes (Z2).
investigations Daniel Forehand on the second image (Z2), state that although Casasola use it for their publications, has not been able to locate a copy, original or reproduction in the library of Pachuca. Daniel Forehand I shared his opinion that both pictures were the same place and same time.
Hotel Moctezuma as building remains to date, clear changes of the transition time, during the years from 1911 to 1913 remained in use (such as hotel operated until the eighties of the twentieth century), being a living building, some Small details are difficult to reproduce in both images using the same scenario, but with different views that do not appear altered in their fundamentals, but each of them is visible hammered a cap gun hidden in the other and what appears to be a broken plate at the bottom of the ladder in exactly the same position.
Emiliano Zapata was in the hotel Moctezuma more than once, for different reasons and times, but never was the scene of fighting, and the caps could have come by different paths, but the caps may be linked with the dish not only circumstantially, it may be the result of a ceremony ... break plates with bullets.
Regardless of how he got the broken plate, with the hotel in service and occupied by the illustrious guests, probably needed cleaning, so the dish could not remain exactly the same place for too long, the simple step anyone could involuntarily move the pieces without difficulty.
Although one of the pot shots are removed to allow more space to pose, did not change the position of the broken plate.
Daniel Forehand also told me the best preservation of signatures and marks on the second shot (Z2), the least known, which could serve to clarify the authorship of the first. Indeed it is so clear and in duplicate, leaving no doubt about the authorship attributed to "F. Wray, "or" Hadsell. "
Comparing both pictures (Z1) and (Z2), the spelling of the signature "F. Wray" and "F. My ...", are different, not only is clear a different name, also a writing, where one and the other, mark their supposed authorship of atypical, "Zapata, photo and copyright by", "Zapata photo by. " In the "Wray" was not satisfied with that, also reaffirmed their rights in bilingual form, "Wray registered copyright," again something unusual, or the United States or Mexico, I found the registration in the United States is the name Wray in 1920, but it is "Silas G. Wray."
Pictured "Wray" there are other details in the bricks that form the pillar topping the ladder is graffiti or marks on the negative, two of them at least should appear in the other picture to be visible, and is not well ... even in the copy of the Library of Congress, George Grantham Bain collection, reproduction unsigned, do not appear. Then there are graffiti on the wall. In the lower right corner of an almost imperceptible reads: "2 B" ... Is the number you take, if so would actually be making No. 4.
By ostensible also appears the signature "Hadsell" on the left. Enrique Martínez Horta, that the existence of two photographers named Hadsell, making the argument for the authorship between Hadsell and Wray. There are also views of selling the image of F. Wray Hadsell. Consider first the way Hadsell. Walter P.
Hadsell, American-born photographer, was born around 1880, he graduated from the Department of Mines, University of Arizona in 1904 to 1909 he worked as an operator in the photo studio of John N. Rodrigo and Henry Beuhman in Tucson, Arizona, at some point in the early 1910's came to Mexico. Established in the port city of Veracruz, a local photographer named "The Kodak" Lerdo Street No 9.
The work of Walter P. Hadsell, are signed ... really use a logo with the following scheme: the name "Hadsell" + "V Cross", which means Hadsell Veracruz, there is another brand with print "Hadsell Photos, The Kodak Veracruz."
"Being signed photograph of Zapata in this way, why worry about the existence of another photographer named Hadsell?
Well, there is a reference to the independent work of Walter P. Hadsell Morelos in the area clearly. As an example, The Maritime Museum of San Diego, California, maintains a photographic collection of WP Hadsell, with 560 negative and 10 positive images topics are:
• •
Veracruz Veracruz
• Arizona • Hadsell Family
• Mexico City • Mexico Jalisco
• Tlalpajahua Michoacán, Mexico
• Guanajuato, Mexico Lake Chapala
• Gold
• • Chiapas, Mexico
• Alameda • Texas City • Grand Canyon
However
Enrique Martinez says that there are references, but not photographs of the presence of a photographer Hadsell name in the state of Morelos. Indeed
found another name: Walter Ellis Walter Hadsell ...
Ellis (Elias) Hadsell, was born on April 13, 1880 in Lima, Allen County, Ohio, in 1904 he graduated from the University of Arizona with the degree of BS mines. In 1909 he arrived in Mexico, three children born between the years and 1913 in Veracruz. He worked for a mining company and put a photographic goods business called "Kodak." The coincidences are too many to think of two different people in two ways rather than the name of the person.
Hadsell Information on WP is low, but WE Hadsell could find references to his arrival in New Orleans on May 25, 1911, leaving Veracruz on board the steamer City of Tampico, date to be borne in mind , in July 1914 his family out of Mexico provides New Orleans, their outputs are repeated inclusive Mexico travel to Honduras in 1917. Leave definitely Mexico 1918, must comply with the requirement for recruitment (draft) to participate in the First World War in your registration card is based: works in "New Cornelia Copper Company," Ajo, Arizona, as an essayist and chemical, with same charge appears in the publication "Mining and metallurgy", 1919, years after the mill design, "Hadsell mill" for the extraction of gold.
At the same time in the "Ajo Copper News," his sister said Idora live with his brother WE Hadsell, a chemist and photographer. Hadsell photographically recorded mining expansion of Ajo, Arizona from 1914 to 1930. Everything seems to indicate the simultaneous activity Hadsell as an employee of a mining company and its independent photographic activity, and we can not rule out the involvement of another photographer in the business of "Kodak." Appearing mining as a priority, and tours of Mexico probably were related to it, shall be investigated for what company he worked in Mexico and what was your specific involvement.
go back to the time parameter set by Arnal, June 7, 1911, April 16, 1913. The track on Fred Miller as owner of the rights to the image of Zapata (Z1), further reducing parameter, thrown by the registration date is August 23, 1912.
The Madero government policy toward the Zapatistas was direct confrontation in the beginning, the year 1912 began with the suppression of individual rights for the state of Morelos, Guerrero, Tlaxcala, and some districts of Puebla and Mexico State , January 18, where the military would involve extremely violent anti-insurgency tactics, Aureliano Blanquet, Francisco Naranjo, Juvencio Robles, among others. Therefore the possibility of the presence of Emiliano Zapata in the Montezuma hotel are reduced. We
is the year of 1911, Daniel Forehand since 2005 has shifted by that date. Zapata states that religious married 8 or 9 August , 1911, days before the civil ceremony took place, recorded photographically in the hotel Moctezuma, credited the fact Hugo Brehme. The interim president of the bar at that time take the first steps to stop Zapata Carreon Governor recommends seeking that Zapata did not visit Mexico City for talks. On 8 August the Ministry of War and sent troops to Cuernavaca Jonacatepec, federal police Ambrosio Figueroa Jojutla addressed. According to John Womack, Zapata and the Mexican Revolution ", while still celebrating their wedding at Villa de Ayala, the 9th of August received the news of the entry of the troops of Victoriano Huerta in state of Morelos. The next day in the afternoon Huerta barracks for 32 or infantry battalion in Cuernavaca.
August 13 Francisco I. Cuernavaca tree view with the intention of negotiating with Zapata, conferring by telephone with him, Zapata is located in Cuautla. On the other hand is hypothesized (Arnal) that both the band in general as the sword was the property of Manuel Asúnsolo, and he was assassinated in Mexico City in November 1911. Sables were many, but overall the band was a distinct anachronism, and during the historical period of the Mexican revolution and Zapata Asúnsolo just carry it ...
As we see the odds are closed late May to early August 1911 as the date for the creation of the photographs. With three events that could justify it: the entry of Zapata on 26 May in the city of Cuernavaca, the receipt of Francisco I. Madero in June 1912, civil wedding or entity Zapata June and July. The three events are festive and can live with the idea of \u200b\u200bbroken plate with bullets, and the presence of Asúnsolo.
Hadsell Let us return to the story, according to the hypothesis that Hadsell Wray bought the photograph, when you do it? Hadsell
uses a classification system based on universal numbered consecutively, the majority of his images appear with a registration number, photo (Z2) does not. A visit from the major vessels at the port of Veracruz and "photographed" by Hadesell we can get an idea of \u200b\u200bhow the numbering corresponds to a chronology.
(2330) USS Michigan ......... Between 12 and December 14, 1912
(2363) USS Louisiana ........ Between July and October 1913
(2526) south of Veracruz Beach, New Jersy, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Rhode Island ... Between 4 and November 30, 1913
(2594) USS Rhode Island ..... .
November 1913 (2634) USS New Jersey ........ In the fall of 1913, November-December
(2770) USS Dolphin ........... 1914 April
Tampico (2777) HMS Suffolk .........." May 1, 1914 ", was also the November 28 of that year.
(2798) Cruise Condé ............. May 13, 1914?
According to the presence of warships, we find a logical connection between the registration numbers and dates, but from the occupation of Veracruz there are inconsistencies. The record "3102" is a photograph appear ships, Solace, Chester, Bravo Mayflower and therefore must be later than June 24, 1914, resignation of Huerta to the presidency and the July 16 departure from Mexico. Convinación ships in "3051" Mayflowwer, Delaware, Chester, Utah, Connecticut, San Francisco, is given in June 1914
Registration "3123" has the following label: "First Marine landing party Leaving USS Prairie, Apr. 21 ", and at least until the record" 3485 "are basically images are treated from April 21, 1914, fighting, destruction, and first days of occupation without internal chronological order. To this we can give two explanations, pictures are classified much later being scrambled, photographs were classified according as they were still owned by Hadsell, or both options.
The second option implies that some of the photographs were not made by Hadsell, the record "3371" "Killed in front of hotel Measures" according to the hypothesis would not Hadsell to be well outside the chronology, in the case "3370" would be the same, but here we find in the version of Hadsell as trying to erase the signature, "P. Flores Pérez Pic. "And there is a version of P. Flowers without the signature of Hadsell, and even the version without the signature.
wonders what is all this to do with the picture of Zapata ... the record "3441" is a signed photograph Hadsell and Wray, taken at the entrance of Hotel Moctezuma in 1911, where is Emiliano Zapata on horseback surrounded by a crowd ... rather we wonder what to do with the occupation of Veracruz in 1914.
Photo Hadsell 3441, Wray. Graphic history of the Mexican Revolution. According to the idea of \u200b\u200bbuying photographs Hadsell Wray, should occur in late 1914, remained fairly consistent with the classification number. The United States government in reference to the "Veracruz incident" did not impose censorship, allowed for the arrival of all photographers and reporters wish, but most of them did not find anything interesting to portray, unless the Mariners tourism in Veracruz. This led to a market of opportunity for photos taken previously, in different places and circumstances Veracruz 1914, often without the participation of the original creators. That could leave the matter settled Hadsell.
Hadsell did not do the photography and appropriated the rights in 1914.
F. " Wray is a real photographer, or even supersede the authorship?
I tend to think it's real, and even have a picture of him.
Despite this would open the unknown of who made the photograph (Z1), and give a more accurate date for the event. To make a long
too much reading, try to answer the remaining questions later.