.
American society from the First Amendment has enjoyed freedom of expression like few other places, in contrast to the era he lived porfiriana constant censorship and self-censorship for the sake of political and social stability. To war correspondents accredited to the U.S. military, things would change in 1914.
"Congress shall make no law regarding an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech or the press, or the right the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. "
May 13, 1914, Veracruz. Charles Minnegrode Maigne newspaper correspondent is summarily sentenced by the Secretary of War Garrison for his behavior in breaching the perimeter established by General Funston at the port of Veracruz, and was repatriated in the first available transport.
In the same way penalize any correspondent who committed the same act, depriving him of all his privileges and the bond of two thousand dollars deposited by him in the War Department.
The attitude taken against Charles M. Maigne direct result of the incident was created by Walter Whiffen reporters of the Associated Press, Arthur L. Sutton, a photographer for The Washington Post, Richard Harding Davis, representative of Newspaper Syndicate, and Medill McCormick, of The London Times and Harper's Weekly, speaking to the city of Mexico at your own risk, with the subsequent arrest of two of them Mexican federal authorities on suspicion of spying, through intervention by the representative of the secretary of state and foreign missions in the Mexican capital obtained his release, then return to the port of Veracruz. Walter C.
Whiffen was arrested upon his arrival in the city of Mexico, while Sutton was arrested by officers of Gen. Maass on the train to Cordoba on his way back to the port of Veracruz, Mexican officials did a review of the passengers for weapons, newspapers and cameras Mr Sutton camera was able to return to Veracruz in the hands of a friend. In Mexico City the belongings of both reporter and photographer were reviewed thoroughly, being in the backpack of Mr. Whiffen copies of Veracruz Mexican Herald, they impute to map along the railway line, according to U.S. newspapers the dates of the test specimens served Veracruz that had come directly from the port and had nothing to do with the charge of espionage, facilitating their early release.
Causes safely release was in support of the British Minister Sir Lionel Carden, expressing it as follows for the Americans: "I think it was very unwise of you to come to Correspondents Mexico City at Such a time as this. "
The first of March 1914 itself was a case of espionage, the Admiral Fletcher with the greatest Smedley Butler landed at the port of Veracruz to meet with the superintendent of North American origin of the Interoceanic Railway , and surreptitiously in his personal car flew round trip to Jalapa, then Butler made another trip, first to the city of Puebla and finally Mexico City, under the pretext of looking for a railroad employee who had left his post, accompanied by Detective Chief Railway for three days searched the headquarters of the city of Mexico, located every piece of artillery and machine guns, noting its position and state, then corrected railway maps to detail, returning to port on March 7.
All this was done with the intention of designing a plan to overthrow the government of General Huerta, on the previous model the Boxer uprising and occupation of Peking by an international force which Butler was active. The plan was to create the artificial circumstances of a popular revolt in Mexico City, make a quick landing at Veracruz no Mexican military strength, with the consent of the railway authorities, "U.S." thousand Marines on board the train to Mexico City ; before Huerta realized he would be arrested for international intervention forces, are intended to engage the forces of the delegations of France, England and Germany. Often
U.S. intelligence believes that his opponents are dumb but the actions taken by General Huerta have certainty when military intervention, are clear evidence of having had prior knowledge of the secret plan urged by Admiral Fletcher, immediate withdrawal of the artillery out of range of naval forces, withdrawal all the rolling stock, which was left was knocked out, lifting sections of the railway, bridge preparations to fly Metlac, U.S. detention railway staff including their families, it is obvious the secret plan was to garbage ... (1)
The usual freedoms enjoyed by American correspondents, even in conflicts such as the Boxer uprising, the English American War, the violent insurgency in the Philippines, or the taking of Ciudad Juárez, find a wall of penalties in the Huerta government after the occupation of Veracruz by the troops of his country.
Some correspondents from newspapers managed to evade arrest initiative demonstrating their British identity, and returned to the port of Veracruz with the news of the arrest of his colleagues is the case of J. Alfred Rorke correspondent of The Central News of America, and Oliver Hueffer The London Express. It is often difficult to distinguish between espionage and the right to information, but by statements made by British at The New York Times, is more than clear the site of British correspondents, espionage. The plight of foreigners in Mexico City they are seen in the following commentary by Rorke retransmitted:
"'If you come to the capital with a victorious army," Said one Germain,' you will find only the Dead Bodies of Men and Women. " 'The German's Manner, as I Said this, WAS Neither Affected theatrical standards. " "
This commentary was published in the New York Times in May of 1914, if you doubt influencing the American spirit. Mr. Rorke also recounts how he managed to avoid confiscation your camera in Cordoba, which did not prevent the rest of the travelers ... Frederik Palmer
American writer and correspondent tried to make the trip to Mexico City in the English company, bypassing the station of Paso del Macho, no without losing the opportunity to question the General Maass's refusal to move freely ...
"Why Americans Were not permitted to pass through the Mexican lines as well as Mexicans Were Freely permitted to come to Vera Cruz."
correspondent naivety than the notion of freedom of expression, his country was invaded Mexico.
The tactics undertaken by Huerta and Maass General in relation to the occupation of Veracruz have been described as cowards, but because they avoided the dreaded slaughter of foreigners in Mexico City, and the frontal confrontation with the United States, the opposite decision would have changed the course of the history of Mexico and the world dramatically.
William Nutter, of Boston Herald reporter and photographer at an earlier date had been in Saltillo at the invitation of General Huerta, arrived at the port of Veracruz on May 10, giving the details of the hardships and indignities which was secured by federal troops from passing through Torreon including loss of all their possessions.
Consequently Secretary Garrison dispatch sent by Gen. Funston and released by the press, made it clear to correspondents accredited "any similar conduct or any deviation from any of the rules in Field Service Regulations will result in Automatic termination of correspondent and repatriation. "
Mark Cronlund Anderson in his book Pancho Villa's Revolution by Headlines, 2001, makes the following reflection:
" On a related topic That Has Not Been Explored by Mexicanist scholars, the United States Department of Actively War sought to manage the news reporter from and about American military actions in Mexico. It published a bulletin containing guidelines and rules ... "" As one sign of U.S. press Interest in the Revolution, by mid-May 1914, the American General Frederick Funston Noted the Presence of twenty American Correspondents in Occupied Veracruz occupancy to cover the story. "
American War correspondents were to know censorship, Field Services Regulations, United States Armay, 1914; Correspondents Article VIII, Section 422:
"conditions of acceptance. Each applicant must submit to the Secretary of War credentials of its owner, the principal editor, or responsible for the publication or publications he represents, providing a summary of his career, specifying the exact nature of his work during his presence at the front, proving its reliability as an active member of his profession, and fitness to accompany the army. Your employer or employers must provide the security to guarantee his good behavior in front, which, in case of loss of pass for breach of any regulations shall be held without excuse that the Secretary of War to invoke. The correspondent must swear allegiance in the form of military and respect to the letter all the regulations established in this manual ... "
Specifically mentioned above all incurred through ignorance or contempt in violation contained in section 429 of Article VIII:
"Discipline. No reporter should leave the army corps to which assigned, or to return home, or for any other purpose, except when you have permission from the War Department. "
few months after the start of World War I history would repeat itself, but each time the nut tighter.
Maigne CM's case is a bit different from the rest, input correspondent Lt. Munsey was removed from the U.S. Army, therefore subject to official regulations and the possibility of being tried under a court-martial. First the Secretary Garrison did not grant permission to Maigne to get to Veracruz, using the auspices of Admiral Badger to address his flagship, the Arkansas, and went anyway, when the ship left the port of Norfolk regulations concerning war correspondents in the army had not been enacted, although mitigating circumstances his quest to interview the General Maass at his headquarters in Soledad was described as imprudent and improper for a retired officer, resulting in his arrest by Mexican authorities. His release by the Mexican commuted a new arrest ordered by General Funston, what is most responsible for publishing the news without the consent of the Secretary of War had been a clear warning to all officials not to disclose information on their own.
Article VIII section 431. Media regulations for officers, enlisted men and civilians employed by the Army .- No officer, enlisted man, or civilian employee of the Army be allowed to correspond to any publication without the consent of the Secretary of War and most correspondents accredited military weapon in the serves. No sensor or sensor assistant may write about the campaign for publication while in commission in the Army.
Maigne The adventure begins when introduced into the Federal lines on a refugee train journey back to the city of Cordoba, passing the headquarters of Maass in Soledad. The strategy in all cases involving the complacency of the American Railway authorities in Mexico to move into a territory clearly forbidden.
for the disorder evident during the early days of the occupation of Veracruz, the Secretary of War to General Funston urged to enforce the regulations, bringing all the correspondents, photographers and reporters in the port, regardless of the means and they used to get them to sign and swear the statutes of Field Services Regulations. Garison Secretary of War wrote to the new responsibilities which faced:
"I do That the whole field is a new one and That experience is Probably the only guide That will lead us to a conclusion Satisfactory" Mary S
. Mander in Pen and Sword: Correpondents American War, 1898-1975, 2010, extends the concept:
"Every rule is made to be broken-but more important, the rule breaking in the war with Mexico tells us That the War Department Recognized the Legitimate Interests of the press and the department That Had No Interest in antagonizing the press. "
" In Addition, working for Foreign Journalists To Have Already Had papers "served" in Other Campaigns. This Requirement That Suggests Foreign Correspondents Were Whose sympathetic Nations, If Not allied with the United States, as parties of Thought Were in service Also to the ends of a Democratic state. "
General Frederick Funston record a dozen correspondents in the list below we present a bit more:
Jack London-Collier's, Army
James Hare-Collier's, photography, London Sphere
Arthur B. Ruhl-Collier's, Link, New York Tribune
Henry Reuterdahl / USS Minnesota (assigned desde 1913, fotógrafo, pintor y dibujante)- Collier’s, fotografía Marina
James Brendan Connolly- Collier’s, Marina
Charles M. Maigne (teniente)/ U.S.S Arkansas- Munsey
John C. Murray-The World; American Federation of Labor.
Richard Harding Davis (Dick)/U. S. S. Utah- Wheeler Newspaper Syndicate of New York, London Daily Chronicle
John T. McCutcheon/U. S. S. Wyoming- The Chicago Tribune
Robert R. McCormick (coronel)- hermano de Medill, The Chicago Tribune
Joseph Medill Patterson, sobrino de Medill McCormick- The Chicago Tribune
Floyd Gibbons-The Chicago Tribune
Medill McCormick-The London Times y Harper’s Weekly.
Walter Whiffen-Associated Press Arthur L.
Sutton, a photographer for the Washington Post
William G. Shepherd, United Press
Frederick (Fred) Palmer-Everybody's Magazine
Robert "Bobbie" Dunn
George Abel Schreiner-New York Times
Kirk Simpson-AP
John Reed
Rufus Fairchild Zogbaum-illustrator specializing in illustrations and naval; Harpers Weekly
Burge McFall-Associated Press
Oliver Madox Hueffer
Connolly JB Vincent Starrett
Leeds
Byron R. Stanton Newton-The Herald, London Daily Mail, New York American
Mrs. Dean "Widow" - New York Town Topics
Messrs. RH Murray-New York World
Junius Wood-Chicago Daily News WM
Carow
Long & Lowman, USS Louisiana, 14 April to 8 August. J.
Fugazy-USS New York USS Michigan Harlingen
Ernest J. Trinkle-USS Chester
Victor Miller (Milner) - director, Fritz Arno Wagner
Pathé-filmmaker, Pathé
Cruse and Shaw
Jimmy Hare, Jack London, Frederick Palmer, RH Davis These 40 correspondents and photographers have to add the remaining unidentified military photographers, each of the battleships had an official photographer, and some other military units. John T. McCutcheon reports that there were between sixty and seventy photographers and correspondents, probably correct figures (2).
Apart from the need to register, pay the bail of two thousand dollars plus another thousand for travel expenses and meals, the correspondents had to carry their official photo pass, which must show upon request to any officer, commander company, or member of the military police, under penalty otherwise be sent to headquarters in custody. Olive colored dress uniform and a white band two inches wide with the letter "C" in red, so to be identified with the naked eye by officers and recruits.
In the specific case of the photographs be handled as follows, Article VIII fraction 423:
"Photographs and photographers. An official photographer will accompany each section of the army or any other independent body of importance. His films or plates will be sent expeditiously to Washington, where the prints will be forwarded even nominal cost to the press. Not be received or press photographers and filmmakers. Professional photographers and news photographers will be accepted each other act as correspondents or mail.
regular correspondents will carry hand-held cameras. The negatives will be sent by the sensor field to the office Sensor-in-chief at headquarters in Washington, where they will be disclosed as soon as pass the censorship will be sent to the address provided. "
The provisions regarding the photographs are of a more strict in relation to written expression for the simple fact is not considered as part of freedom of expression by 100% so objectionable, but as testimony to the reality. The constitutional amendment in the United States giving access to information: "Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)" the signing by President Lyndon B. Hohnson July 4, 1966, entered into effective the following year.
end of August Hardly anyone was in Veracruz, James Hare in June and July he visited Zacatecas, then go to Europe, Jack London left Mexico on June 8 due to dysentery, the rest left Mexico at the beginning of World War I military photographers remain on par with their units.
Some of the correspondents met with the dual role of photographers in the case of Charles M. Meigne, your photo will be published in Mexico by Walter E. Hadsell, after having passed by the censorship, given the registration numbers used by Hadsell likely to be made from August, when attention I was in Europe but continued occupation troops in Veracruz, and is the same Hadsell who signed for both.
At first glance it is clear that no Mexican photographer could have fulfilled the requirements for accreditation as a war correspondent, no foreign photographer resident in Mexico for business either, and that the First Amendment freedoms were validated only for U.S. citizens. As of May 14, 1914, the work of reporters, photographers, photojournalists or simple, Mexicans or foreigners as Ponciano Flores Pérez, Walter E. Hadsell, Samuel Tinoco, J. Buren, Cantillo, or Hugo Brehme would be extremely difficult within the military government norteamericano de Veracruz, casi de carácter clandestino; un resquicio había en las palabras del Secretario Garrison despachadas al General Funston:
“Bring before you all those who are acting as correspondents and say to them that if they wish to continue to have matter accepted by the censor for transmission they must do as herein provided. They must file with you their names, the papers they represent, and an agreement to abide by all of the provisions of the field service regulations which apply to accredited correspondents. They will thereupon receive passes or credentials similar to those issued to accredited correspondents. No one who fails to have such credential may send matter by wire through the censor or otherwise.”
Walter E. Hadsell to be a U.S. citizen and have a permanent establishment in the port, should be subject to the rule in some way, they could close down its establishment, or keep your material out of the port, either of the two options were not economically viable for him. Photographs reproduced approved by the censors, even it is possible that some are of his own, getting accreditation or using given names. The names of F. Wray and CM Maigne Hadsell are linked to sample it. The following chronology
detected as Hadsell not stay in Mexico throughout the period of the occupation:
1907-1911: Responsible for refining in "The Mexico Mines of Gold, Limited.
1911: Camera Craft, Photographers' Association of California. PO Box 167 Veracruz, towards El Oro, Edo de Mexico.
1911: He traveled from Veracruz, Mexico, New Orleans and from there to the city of Tampico, arriving on May 25, 1911.
1911: Begins to manage their own commercial establishment "The Kodak".
July 1, 1914: Walter Elias Hadsell brings her three children and wife of taking them to New Orleans Veracruz.
October 1914: Travel from Vera Cruz, Mexico, Texas City (Galveston), and Texas, the port of Tampico, arriving on October 20, 1914.
1914: His wife Christine Northrop dies.
1915: Leave Mexico. Know the exact date may be late 1914 or early 1915, Hadsell input picture Constitutionalist troops in Veracruz, November 26, 1914. August 1915
Photo consequences of the hurricane to strike Galveston, in October the copyright register with an address in Houston, Texas.
1917: Travel from Puerto Cortez, Honduras, to New Orleans aboard the Coppename, arriving on April 2, 1917.
September 1918: It is part of the draft military recruiters to attend the First World War. Is an essayist and chemical states of the New Cornelia Copper Company, Ajo, Arizona. He has married again.
Ponciano Flores Lopez also made an agreement because their images are not only came to the sensors and passed, are published in the United States and even the postcards produced by the U.S. Navy "The Fleet Review" they use without omit your signature. Shows that the material was first produced before the military government of General Funston establish the full implementation of the regulations, we have not found pictures of Ponciano Flores Lopez after the establishment of censorship.
The regulations prevented revealed by the photographers, so yes the image is signed in the negative is before May 14, Richard Harding Davis does sign some shots aboard the Utah, which was assigned ship, one option is to have done the work in the Kodak Hadsell.
recounted anecdotes and circumstances give us an idea of \u200b\u200bthe complex panorama that was the American occupation of Veracruz, and make us seriously we questioned the presence of Hugo Brehme. During the first 23 days of the occupation disorder and licentiousness of correspondents and photographers champions, but we must assume a limit on it, the wisdom, ethics and morals, subject to the regulations and procedures for U.S. military operations abroad .
Instead of asking and how Hugo Brehme him to board the battleship USS Texas, New York, Wyoming, etc.. we should not accept that he did not and that each relevant group corresponding to each ship's official photographer ...
In the military records of the occupation Veracruz, Washington, documentaries are the following groups:
141.5 RECORDS OF THE LEGAL DEPARTMENT
May-November 1914 141.6 RECORDS OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY DEPARTMENT
May-November 1914
They found that 369 photographs were taken prisoners submitted to Provost Court No. 4 "(cut local government official). And 453 photographs of the prisoners in the county jail. In Instead of asking how Hugo Brehme him to photograph the prisoners at San Juan de Ulua would have to accept that it was a military photographer in charge of the department concerned ...
The occupation of Veracruz was a testing ground for American aviation history mark several dates there, were first used in naval combat an airplane, April 25, the 28th of the same, the first aerial photograph in combat on May 6 was the first time a U.S. military aircraft was damaged by enemy fire.
Instead of asking again how Hugo Brehme him to board a airplane, we should assume it was a military photographer in Veracruz was only U.S. military aircraft, a pilot Lt. Patrick NL "Pat" Bellinger made 46 flights of recognition with his observer Lt. Richard C. Saufley, worked with a Kodak A3 Bellinger property in land Bellinger made several photographic works, two soldiers were assigned to the USS Mississippi, the military pilot Henry C. Mustin, commissioned in the USN Naval Aeronautical Station, aerial photographs made on 29 April. The case of Jimmy Hare in Ciudad Juárez 1911 is different, he did so in a private plane. Hare portray Bellinger and Lt. Curtiss C3 after one of the many missions, the photograph was published in "Flying" magazine flaying Association in 1914, illustrating the article "Aerial Photography-a new art" by James H. Hare, Veteran war Photohtapher of Collier's Weekly.
Published by AP. 
Posted by Walter E. Hadsell. 
Published by Hugo Brehme. (1) Maverick Marine: General Smedley D. Butler and the Contradictions of American Military History, Hans Schmidt, 1998.
(2) The Lost Road Richard Harding Davis, Icon Group International, Inc. 2008. Appreciations of Richard Harding Davis
Reference.
Adventures and Letters of Richard Harding Davis, Richard Harding Davis, 2004.
American journalism, 1690-1940, written by Frederic Hudson, Alfred McClung Lee, Frank Luther Mott, 2000.
The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean, 1898-1934, written by Lester D. Langley, 2002.
Historical dictionary of war journalism, written by Mitchel P. Roth, James Stuart Olson, 1997.
The landing at Veracruz: 1914: the first complete chronicle of a strange encounter in April, 1914, When the United States Navy captured and occupied the city of Veracruz, Mexico, Jack Sweetman, U.S. Naval Institute, 1968
A handbook of American military history: from the Revolutionary ... -Jerry K. Sweeney, Kevin B. Byrne - 2006
Dictionary of American naval Fighting Ships. http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/m12/mississippi-ii.htm
Mustin: a Naval family of the twentieth century, John Fass morton 2003.
Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming And Process of the Mexican Revolution, John Mason Hart 1989.
Windows on the world: the information process in a changing society, 1900-1920. Robert William Desmond University of Iowa Press, 1980
New York Times, mes de mayo de 1914.
Here I refer to the second case. 
can also temporarily change the file sites / default / settings.php putting erroneous connection parameters. For example: 
In 
for ($ i = 0, $ i \u0026lt;$ a, $ i + +) {
Finally, I went to the address http://localhost/test/test.php?XDEBUG_SESSION_START=test. I noticed that Notepad + + button was blinking. 
Now, learn how to debug modules :-) I hope this information helps. 
